- Essays··10 min read
What Can You Actually Test
The FCA's August 2025 review of algorithmic trading controls at ten principal firms found significant variation in compliance sophistication — but the structural problem is older than the review. Attestation requires a compliance officer to certify what an algorithm does when she cannot read the code, testing covers yesterday's scenarios, and surveillance measures what someone thought to calibrate. The FCA has named the gap; the attestation merely documents that the firm knows it exists.
algorithmic-tradingfinancial-regulationcompliancemarket-surveillanceRead - Essays··9 min read
The AI Act enforcement date nobody prepared for
On 2 August 2026, national market surveillance authorities across the EU began enforcing Article 4 of the AI Act, the staff AI literacy obligation that has technically been in force since February 2025. Most European universities have confused talking about AI with ensuring their staff can actually handle it. The first penalty will almost certainly arrive as an aggravating factor when a high-risk system is found deployed without documented staff training, rather than from the literacy clause alone.
eu-ai-actai-literacyhigher-educationai-regulationRead